Portal:Finland
The Finland Portal
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, opposite Estonia. Finland covers an area of 338,145 square kilometres (130,559 sq mi) and has a population of 5.6 million. Helsinki is the capital and largest city. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. The official languages are Finnish and Swedish, of which 84.9 percent and 5.1 percent of the population speak the first as their mother tongue. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to boreal in the north. The land cover is predominantly boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
Finland was first settled around 9000 BC after the last Ice Age. During the Stone Age, various cultures emerged, distinguished by different styles of ceramics. The Bronze Age and Iron Ages were marked by contacts with other cultures in Fennoscandia and the Baltic region. From the late 13th century, Finland became part of the Swedish Empire as a result of the Northern Crusades. In 1809, as a result of the Finnish War, Finland was captured from Sweden and became a Grand Duchy of Finland, an autonomous state ruled by the Russian Empire. During this period, Finnish art flourished and the idea of full independence began to take hold. In 1906, Finland became the first European state to grant universal suffrage, and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Finland declared its full independence. In 1918 the young nation was divided by the Finnish Civil War. During World War II, Finland fought against the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and later against Nazi Germany in the Lapland War. As a result, it lost parts of its territory but retained its independence. (Full article...)
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Finnish (endonym: suomi [ˈsuo̯mi] ⓘ or suomen kieli [ˈsuo̯meŋ ˈkie̯li]) is a Uralic language of the Finnic branch, spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside of Finland. Finnish is one of the two official languages of Finland (the other being Swedish). In Sweden, both Finnish and Meänkieli (which has significant mutual intelligibility with Finnish) are official minority languages. The Kven language, which like Meänkieli is mutually intelligible with Finnish, is spoken in the Norwegian counties Troms and Finnmark by a minority group of Finnish descent.
Finnish is typologically agglutinative and uses almost exclusively suffixal affixation. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and verbs are inflected depending on their role in the sentence. Sentences are normally formed with subject–verb–object word order, although the extensive use of inflection allows them to be ordered differently. Word order variations are often reserved for differences in information structure. Finnish orthography uses a Latin-script alphabet derived from the Swedish alphabet, and is phonetic to a great extent. Vowel length and consonant length are distinguished, and there are a range of diphthongs, although vowel harmony limits which diphthongs are possible. (Full article...)Selected image -
Did you know (auto-generated)
- ... that Finnish politician Maija Rask earned a PhD at the age of 61 after a career as a nurse, teacher, member of Parliament, and minister of education?
- ... that Finnish linguist Eeva Leinonen was one of four women to be inaugurated as heads of Irish universities in 2021, the others being Maggie Cusack, Linda Doyle and Kerstin Mey?
- ... that Kaija Saariaho's 2021 opera Innocence includes traditional Finnish cow-herding calls?
- ... that Plevna in Tampere, Finland, was the first building in the Nordic countries and the Russian Empire (of which Finland was part at the time) to be lit by electric lights?
- ... that a song about an esports team went viral in Finland?
- ... that Kuappi in Iisalmi, Finland, holds the Guinness world record for the smallest restaurant?
WikiProjects
You are invited to participate in Finland WikiProject, a WikiProject dedicated to developing and improving articles about Finland.
More did you know -
- ...that the cruiseferry M/S Nordlandia (originally M/S Olau Hollandia) was built to be NATO-compatible, so that she could easily be converted to a troopship?
- ...that Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, resigned after confessing to torture and forgery?
- ...that the Finnish-Novgorodian wars only ended with the Swedish conquest of Finland in 1249, resulting in the Swedish–Novgorodian Wars?
- ...the crash of Aero Flight 311, which claimed the lives of all 25 people on board, was the worst aviation accident ever to occur in Finland?
- ...that some areas of the Finnish Lakeland have up to 1,000 lakes per 100 km²?
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The Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency (Finnish: Puolustusvoimien tiedustelulaitos, PVTIEDL; Fenno-Swedish: Försvarsmaktens underrättelsetjänst) is the combined signals (SIGINT), geospatial (GEOINT) and imagery intelligence (IMINT) agency of the Finnish Defence Forces. Operational since 2014, its responsibility is to support the defence of Finland through information gathering and analysis as an intelligence agency, organic to the Intelligence Division of Defence Command.
PVTIEDL's SIGINT history can be traced back to the establishment of Finnish radio intelligence in 1927 by Reino Hallamaa, a Defence Command intelligence officer, while its GEOINT history starts from 1812 with the establishment of the Haapaniemi military surveying school and topographical service. The successes of its predecessors are considered instrumental in key battles of the Winter and Continuation War during 1939–1944, such as intelligence at the largest battle in the history of Nordic countries, the Battle of Tali-Ihantala. (Full article...)General images
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Erkki Karu, one of the pioneers of the Finnish cinema, with cinematographer Eino Kari in 1927 (from Culture of Finland) -
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Prehistoric red ochre painted rock art of moose, human figures, and boats in Astuvansalmi, Finland, from ca. 3800–2200 BC (from Culture of Finland) -
Lapua Movement supporters beating the "red officer" Eino Nieminen in front of the Vaasa courthouse during the 4 June 1930 riot. (from History of Finland) -
Women in sauna with Vihtas -
2007 Formula One World Champion Kimi Räikkönen celebrating victory at the 2007 Brazilian Grand Prix (from Culture of Finland) -
Jean Sibelius at work in his study (from History of Finland) -
Linus Torvalds, a famous Fennoswede software engineer, best known for initiating the development of the Linux kernel (from Culture of Finland) -
Eero Järnefelt, Burning the Brushwood, 1893 (from History of Finland) -
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A smoke sauna (savusauna) in Enonkoski (from Culture of Finland) -
Turku Cathedral and its surroundings from 1814 (from History of Finland) -
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Kreeta Haapasalo Playing the Kantele in a Peasant Cottage (1868), by Robert Wilhelm Ekman (from History of Finland) -
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Wehrmacht soldiers with a local Sámi reindeer herder, Lappland, Sodankylä, Finland 1942 (from History of Finland) -
A summer cottage (mökki) on a lake island (from Culture of Finland) -
The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius (1865–1957), a significant figure in the history of classical music (from Culture of Finland) -
Finland Ostrobothnia regiment uniforms in 1705 (from History of Finland) -
The area of Finland in the years 1920–1940. The 1935 county and municipality division on the map. (from History of Finland) -
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Students on Helsinki's Esplanadi wearing their caps on Vappu (from Culture of Finland) -
A reconstruction of a 12th-century Perniö costume (from History of Finland) -
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President K. J. Ståhlberg in his office in 1919 (from History of Finland) -
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Ancylus Lake covered major part of Finland (7,500–6,000 BC) (from History of Finland) -
Pieces of the Antrea Net (8,300 BC), the oldest-known fishing net in the world. (from History of Finland) -
The decision of the Soviet of the People's Comissars' to recognise Finnish independence, signed by Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Grigory Petrovsky, Joseph Stalin, Isaac Steinberg, Vladimir Karelin, and Alexander Schlichter (from History of Finland) -
Women dressed in Finnish folk costumes (from Culture of Finland) -
Stone Age dwelling named Kierikki 5000–3000 BC (from History of Finland) -
In 2011 figure skater Kiira Korpi was ranked 4th in the world. (from Culture of Finland) -
Jussipaita (transl. Jussi sweater); a traditional sweater from the Finnish region of Southern Ostrobothnia (from Culture of Finland) -
Signing the Helsinki Accords are the West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, East Germany's leader Erich Honecker, US president Gerald Ford and the Austrian chancellor Bruno Kreisky (from History of Finland) -
In the middle is the patron saint of Finland, Saint Henry, on the right side of him is Bishop Konrad Bitz and on the left is Dean Magnus Stjernkors; from Missale Aboense (1488) (from History of Finland) -
An old drawing of the city of Turku in the 18th century (from History of Finland) -
Northern Europe in 814 (from History of Finland) -
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Grand Duchy of Finland, 75 kopek assignat (1824) (from History of Finland) -
The first government of independent Finland. P. E. Svinhufvud, the first Prime Minister of Finland, sitting at the head of the table. (from History of Finland) -
Karjalanpiirakka, a traditional Finnish pastry (from Culture of Finland) -
This 1825 map of the Grand Duchy of Finland is from a larger work, geographical atlas of the Russian Empire. (from History of Finland) -
A triptych by Akseli Gallen-Kallela, depicting the Aino Story of Kalevala on three panes (from Culture of Finland) -
![Image 47Kastelli Giant's Church in Pattijoki by Pöljä culture [fi] (from History of Finland)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kastelli_giant%27s_church_1.JPG/120px-Kastelli_giant%27s_church_1.JPG)
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S/S Urania in Hanko harbor in 1893, with 509 emigrants on board on their way to America (from History of Finland) -
The part of Finland controlled by the Reds at its largest in February–March 1918 (from History of Finland) -
The area controlled by Finland at its largest, in 1942 (from History of Finland) -
Sámi / Laplander family in traditional costumes from Finland. (from Culture of Finland) -
Map of Finnish areas ceded to the Soviet Union in 1944, after the Continuation War (from History of Finland) -
Kalmar Union in 1400s (from History of Finland) -
Badge of the Finnish White/Civil Guard (from History of Finland) -
A peasant girl and a woman in traditional dress from Ruokolahti, eastern Finland, as depicted by Severin Falkman in 1882 (from Culture of Finland) -
A group of Finnish soldiers operating a Bofors gun during the Continuation War in 1943 (from History of Finland) -
Pekka Halonen's painting "against persecutors" from 1896 depicts the warfare of the ancient Finns. (from History of Finland) -
Homann's map of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Fennoscandia with their surrounding territories: northern Germany, northern Poland, the Baltic region, Livonia, Belarus, and parts of Northwest Russia. Johann Baptist Homann (1664–1724) was a German geographer and cartographer; map dated around 1730. (from History of Finland) -
Identification document and tag of a Finnish war child (from History of Finland) -
Mikael Agricola hands over the Finnish Translation of the New Testament to King Gustav Wasa. (from History of Finland) -
President Urho Kekkonen's funeral procession in 1986 (from History of Finland) -
The Swedish empire at its largest. Most of present-day Finland was part of Sweden proper, rike, shown in dark green. (from History of Finland) -
Memorial of the Mannerheim Cross Knights of Parikkala, Finland (from History of Finland) -
Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion, 1850s (from History of Finland) -
Helsinki Accords Treaty (from History of Finland) -
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Marshal of Finland Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim visit in Germany, 1942 (from History of Finland) -
Battle of Gangut (Hanko) was part of the Great Northern War during 1700–1721. (from History of Finland) -
Imagery collage of Birger Jarl conquering Häme and the construction of Häme Castle (from History of Finland) -
Midsummer bonfire (kokko) in Mäntsälä (from Culture of Finland) -
Finnish folk dancers in a 1907 postcard sent from Mustamäki, Finland (from Culture of Finland) -
(1809 Diet of Porvoo) The sovereign's pledge, printed in Finnish (from History of Finland) -
People gathered in the Senate Square for a demonstration against the February Manifesto in March 1899. (from History of Finland) -
Janne Ahonen is considered one of the best and most successful currently active ski jumpers. (from Culture of Finland)
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![Image 47Kastelli Giant's Church in Pattijoki by Pöljä culture [fi] (from History of Finland)](/wiki/File:Kastelli_giant%27s_church_1.JPG){kind=small}
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In the news
- 2 April 2024 – Viertola school shooting
- A student is killed and two others are injured in a shooting at a school in Vantaa, Uusimaa, Finland. A 12-year-old student is detained. (AP) (Yle)
- 1 March 2024 – 2024 Finnish presidential election
- Alexander Stubb is sworn in as the 13th President of Finland. (Reuters)
- 11 February 2024 – 2024 Finnish presidential election
- Alexander Stubb is elected President of Finland with 51.6% of the vote.(Yle)
- 27 January 2024 – Israel–Hamas war
- The United Kingdom, United States, Australia, Italy, Canada, Finland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Germany suspend humanitarian aid to UNRWA over allegations that some UNRWA staff members were involved in the Hamas-led attack on Israel. (BBC News) (CBS News)
- 14 December 2023 – Finland–United States relations
- Finland announces the creation of a defense cooperation agreement with the United States. The agreement will grant Finland access to American military resources for use in defensive operations, while the US will gain military access to Finland in the event of conflict. (Reuters)
- 29 November 2023 – Finland–Poland relations, Finland–Russia relations
- National Security Bureau chief Jacek Siewiera announces that Poland will send "a team of military advisors" to the Finland–Russia border in response to an official request for allied support. Finland says it was unaware of the Polish offer. Russia warns against the move, viewing the concentration of troops on the border as a threat. (Reuters)
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