Portal:Trees

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In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are usable as lumber or plants above a specified height. In wider definitions, the taller palms, tree ferns, bananas, and bamboos are also trees.

Trees are not a monophyletic taxonomic group but consist of a wide variety of plant species that have independently evolved a trunk and branches as a way to tower above other plants to compete for sunlight. The majority of tree species are angiosperms or hardwoods; of the rest, many are gymnosperms or softwoods. Trees tend to be long-lived, some reaching several thousand years old. Trees have been in existence for 370 million years. It is estimated that there are around three trillion mature trees in the world.

A tree typically has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground by the trunk, which typically contains woody tissue for strength, and vascular tissue to carry materials from one part of the tree to another. For most trees it is surrounded by a layer of bark which serves as a protective barrier. Below the ground, the roots branch and spread out widely; they serve to anchor the tree and extract moisture and nutrients from the soil. Above ground, the branches divide into smaller branches and shoots. The shoots typically bear leaves, which capture light energy and convert it into sugars by photosynthesis, providing the food for the tree's growth and development.

Trees usually reproduce using seeds. Flowers and fruit may be present, but some trees, such as conifers, instead have pollen cones and seed cones. Palms, bananas, and bamboos also produce seeds, but tree ferns produce spores instead.

Trees play a significant role in reducing erosion and moderating the climate. They remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store large quantities of carbon in their tissues. Trees and forests provide a habitat for many species of animals and plants. Tropical rainforests are among the most biodiverse habitats in the world. Trees provide shade and shelter, timber for construction, fuel for cooking and heating, and fruit for food as well as having many other uses. In much of the world, forests are shrinking as trees are cleared to increase the amount of land available for agriculture. Because of their longevity and usefulness, trees have always been revered, with sacred groves in various cultures, and they play a role in many of the world's mythologies. (Full article...)

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Alloxylon flammeum, commonly known as the Queensland tree waratah or red silky oak, is a medium-sized tree of the family Proteaceae found in the Queensland tropical rain forests of northeastern Australia. It has shiny green elliptical leaves up to 18 cm (7.1 in) long, and prominent orange-red inflorescences that appear from August to October, followed by rectangular woody seed pods that ripen in February and March. Juvenile plants have large (up to 25 cm (9.8 in) long) deeply lobed pinnate leaves. Previously known as Oreocallis wickhamii, the initial specimen turned out to be a different species to the one cultivated and hence a new scientific name was required. Described formally by Peter Weston and Mike Crisp in 1991, A. flammeum was designated the type species of the genus Alloxylon. This genus contains the four species previously classified in Oreocallis that are found in Australasia.

Alloxylon flammeum is a canopy or emergent tree of the Mabi rainforest community of north Queensland. Its terminal tubular flowers indicate that the species is pollinated by birds. Readily adaptable to cultivation, Alloxylon flammeum prefers a site with good drainage and responds well to extra moisture and fertilisers low in phosphorus. It is listed nationally as vulnerable under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) as most of its habitat has been cleared for agriculture and logging. (Full article...)

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... that the Easter egg tree (pictured) in Saalfeld, Thuringia, was decorated with 10,000 Easter eggs in 2012?
... that the Living Willow Theatre, an open air theatre constructed of living willow trees, is located near the village of Llanwrthwl and occasionally holds outdoor performances of Shakespeare?
... that Wollemi Stringybark, a tree that grows to 45 metres (148 ft) high northwest of Sydney, remains officially undescribed?
... that Linton Park in Kent, England, has an avenue of Giant Sequoia trees planted in 1864?
... that the Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve contains a "stone tree"?
... that the scarlet honey myrtle, an ornamental garden shrub, is from the same genus as the punk tree?
... that the towers of architect Terunobu Fujimori's Lamune Onsen have pine trees planted on the apex of their roofs?

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A branch collar is the "shoulder" between the branch and trunk of woody plants; the inflammation formed at the base of the branch is caused by annually overlapping trunk tissue. The shape of the branch collar is due to two separate growth patterns, initially the branch grows basipetally, followed by seasonal trunk growth which envelops the branch.

Branch collars serve as a strong foundation to the branch, and its orientation and internal characteristics allow the branch to withstand stress from numerous directions. Functionally the branch collars also influence the conductivity of nutrients and growth patterns. (Full article...)

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General images

The following are images from various tree-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Burned forest on Thasos (from Forest)
Image 2Latex collecting from a rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) (from Tree)
Image 3The General Sherman Tree, thought to be the world's largest by volume (from Tree)
Image 4Redwood tree in northern California redwood forest, where many redwood trees are managed for preservation and longevity, rather than being harvested for wood production (from Forest)
Image 5Malus sylvestris (from List of trees of Great Britain and Ireland)
Image 6Northern beech (Fagus sylvatica) trunk in autumn (from Tree)
Image 7Neem tree at Sant Nenuram Ashram (from Trees of Pakistan)
Image 8The Daintree Rainforest (from Tree)
Image 9Proportion of forest in protected areas, by region, 2020 (from Forest)
Image 10Share of land that is covered by forest (from Forest)
Image 11Selling firewood at a market (from Tree)
Image 12A young red pine (Pinus resinosa) with spread of roots visible, as a result of soil erosion (from Tree)
Image 13Broadleaf forest in Bhutan (from Forest)
Image 14A forest near Vinitsa, North Macedonia (from Forest)
Image 15Buttress roots of the kapok tree (Ceiba pentandra) (from Tree)
Image 16Fraxinus excelsior (from List of trees of Great Britain and Ireland)
Image 17Since the 13th century, the Niepołomice Forest in Poland has had special use and protection. In this view from space, different coloration can indicate different functions. (from Forest)
Image 18Forest in the Scottish Highlands (from Forest)
Image 19Dormant Magnolia bud (from Tree)
Image 20Alnus glutinosa (from List of trees of Great Britain and Ireland)
Image 21Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) tapped to collect sap for maple syrup (from Tree)
Image 22Even, dense old-growth stand of beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) prepared to be regenerated by their saplings in the understory, in the Brussels part of the Sonian Forest. (from Forest)
Image 23Trees in art: Weeping Willow, Claude Monet, 1918 (from Tree)
Image 24Spiny forest at Ifaty, Madagascar, featuring various Adansonia (baobab) species, Alluaudia procera (Madagascar ocotillo) and other vegetation (from Forest)
Image 25Rowan tree in Wicklow, Ireland (from List of trees of Great Britain and Ireland)
Image 26Yggdrasil, the World Ash of Norse mythology (from Tree)
Image 27Temperate rainforest in Tasmania's Hellyer Gorge (from Forest)
Image 28The Amazon rainforest alongside the Solimões River, a tropical rainforest. These forests are the most biodiverse and productive ecosystems in the world. (from Forest)
Image 29Palms and cycads as they might have appeared in the middle Tertiary (from Tree)
Image 30Buds, leaves, flowers and fruit of oak (Quercus robur) (from Tree)
Image 31Informal upright style of bonsai on a juniper tree (from Tree)
Image 32People trees, by Pooktre (from Tree)
Image 33Garibaldi Provincial Park, British Columbia (from Forest)
Image 34Share of forest area in total land area, top countries (2021) (from Forest)
Image 354000 years old Cypress of Abarqu is the oldest tree in Iran and the second oldest tree in the world. (from List of trees of Iran)
Image 36Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), a deciduous broad-leaved (angiosperm) tree (from Tree)
Image 37Wind dispersed seed of elm (Ulmus), ash (Fraxinus) and maple (Acer) (from Tree)
Image 38Roof trusses made from softwood (from Tree)
Image 39Conifers in the Swabian alps (from Tree)
Image 40Diagram of secondary growth in a eudicot or coniferous tree showing idealised vertical and horizontal sections. A new layer of wood is added in each growing season, thickening the stem, existing branches and roots. (from Tree)
Image 41Latvian Pine Forest in Ķegums Municipality (from Forest)
Image 42Buds, leaves and reproductive structures of white fir (Abies alba) (from Tree)
Image 43Proportion and distribution of global forest area by climatic domain, 2020 (from Forest)
Image 44Recently stripped cork oak (Quercus suber) (from Tree)
Image 45Alleé of London plane trees (Platanus × acerifolia) in garden (from Tree)
Image 46Priest River winding through Whitetail Butte with lots of forestry to the east—these lot patterns have existed since the mid-19th century. The white patches reflect areas with younger, smaller trees, where winter snow cover shows up brightly to the astronauts. Dark green-brown squares are parcels (from Forest)
Image 47World production of selected forest products (from Forest)
Image 48Olive trees in Pakistan (from Trees of Pakistan)
Image 49A section of yew (Taxus baccata) showing 27 annual growth rings, pale sapwood and dark heartwood (from Tree)
Image 50Cracked thorny skin of a Aesculus tree seed (from Tree)
Image 51Form, leaves and reproductive structures of queen sago (Cycas circinalis) (from Tree)
Image 52European larch (Larix decidua), a coniferous tree which is also deciduous (from Tree)
Image 53Tall herbaceous monocotyledonous plants such as banana lack secondary growth, but are trees under the broadest definition. (from Tree)
Image 54Lepidodendron, an extinct lycophyte tree (from Tree)